تأثیر تمرینات استقامت عضلانی، هماهنگی و ترکیبی بر مهارت‌های حرکتی ظریف افراد با سندرم داون

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار، گروه علوم رفتاری و شناختی در ورزش، دانشکده علوم ورزشی و تندرستی، شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

2 استاد، هیأت علمی دانشگاه تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد خوراسگان، اصفهان، ایران

3 کارشناسی ارشد، گروه علوم رفتاری و شناختی در ورزش، دانشکده علوم ورزشی و تندرستی، شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

زمینه و هدف: امروزه تمرینات ورزشی به‌عنوان روشی جدید و کاربردی برای بهبود سازگاری ­های عضلانی در کم­ توانان ذهنی معرفی شده است. هدف از پژوهش حاضر تأثیر تمرینات استقامت عضلانی، هماهنگی و ترکیبی بر مهارت­ های حرکتی ظریف افراد با سندرم داون بود.
روش بررسی: این تحقیق از نوع نیمه‌تجربی، با هدف کاربردی بود.30 فرد با سندرم داون (23 پسر و 7 دختر) با میانگین سنی 2/24 سال انتخاب شدند. با استفاده از آزمون پورد و پگبورد پیش ­آزمون گرفته شد؛ سپس شرکت ­کنندگان به سه گروه با سه برنامه مختلف تمرینی تقسیم شدند (گروه یک: تمرینات استقامتی، گروه دو: تمرینات هماهنگی، گروه سه: تمرینات ترکیبی). برنامه مداخله شامل 16 جلسه 45 دقیقه ­ای بود. هر جلسه شامل سه زمان 15 دقیقه‌ای و 5 دقیقه استراحت بین زمان‌ها بود. بعد از پایان جلسات پس‌آزمون مشابه با پیش ­آزمون گرفته شد.
یافته ­ها: نتایج آزمون تحلیل واریانس یک راهه نشان داد که همه گروه ­ها با تمرینات پیشرفت معناداری کرده ­اند (05/0p<) ولی بین تمرینات استقامت عضلانی، هماهنگی و ترکیبی تفاوت معنی‌داری وجود نداشت (05/0<p).
نتیجه ­گیری: مطابق با نتایج برای بهبود مهارت­ های حرکتی ظریف افراد سندرم داون می ­توان از سه نوع تمرین استقامتی، هماهنگی و ترکیبی استفاده کرد، اما به نظر می­رسد ترکیب تمرینات هماهنگی و استقامت عضلانی ارجح­ تر است. احتمالاً تمرینات ترکیبی باعث بهبود استقامت عضلانی و هماهنگی بین اندام­ ها به‌صورت همزمان می ­گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


Abbasi. S, Hadiyan. M. (2011). “The effect of eye and hand coordination on hand skills of handicapped students aged 7 to 10 years old in Down syndrome. Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 21:83. 54- 58. (in persian)
Ada, L., O'Dwyer, N., Green, J., Yeo, W., & Neilson, P. (1996). “The nature of the loss of strength and dexterity in the upper limb following stroke”. Human movement science, 15(5), 671-687.
Agullo R, Gonzalez M. (2006). “Factors influencing motor development in children with Down syndrome”. International Medical Review on Down Syndrome;10(2):18-24.
Almeida, G. L., Corcos, D. M., & Latash, M. L. (1994). “Practice and transfer effects during fast single-joint elbow movements in individuals with Down syndrome”. Physical Therapy, 74(11), 1000-1012.
Bagheri. H, Abdolvahhab. M, Sadeghi. H, Jalili. M, Faghih zadeh. S. (2007). “Investigating the Effect of Progressive Resistance exercises on the Power and Dexterity of Cerebral Palsy”. Modern rehabilitation. 2(1): 24-30. (in persian)[1]
Block, M. E. (1991). “Motor development in children with Down syndrome: A review of the literature”. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 8(3), 179-209.
Butler, A. A., Lord, S. R., Rogers, M. W., & Fitzpatrick, R. C. (2008). “Muscle weakness impairs the proprioceptive control of human standing”. Brain research journal, 12(42), 244-251.
Canning, C. G., Ada, L., & O’Dwyer, N. J. (2000). “Abnormal muscle activation characteristics associated with loss of dexterity after stroke”.  Neurological Sciences Journal, 176(1), 45-56.
Carey, H. (2014). “Gross Motor Skills for Children with Down Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals”. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 26(4), 470-471.
Carroll, T. J., Benjamin, B., Stephan, R., & Carson, R. G. (2001). “Resistance training enhances the stability of sensorimotor coordination. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London”. Series B: Biological Sciences, 268(1464), 221-227.
Case-Smith, J. (2000). “Effects of occupational therapy services on fine motor and functional performance in preschool children”.  Occupational Therapy American Journal, 54(4), 372-380.
Cauza, E., Hanusch-Enserer, U., Strasser, B., Ludvik, B., Metz-Schimmerl, S., Pacini, G., ... & Dunky, A. (2005). “The relative benefits of endurance and strength training on the metabolic factors and muscle function of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus”. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 86(8), 1527-1533.
Connolly, B. H., & Michael, B. T. (1986). “Performance of retarded children, with and without Down syndrome, on the Bruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency”. Physical Therapy, 66(3), 344-348.
Connolly, B. H., Morgan, S. B., Russell, F. F., & Fulliton, W. L. (1993). “A longitudinal study of children with Down syndrome who experienced early intervention programming”. Physical therapy, 73(3), 170-179.
Cratty, B. (1995). Clumsy child syndromes: Descriptions, evaluation, and remediation. Psyccritiques, 40(10).
de Campos, A. C., Rocha, N. A. C. F., & Savelsbergh, G. J. (2010). “Development of reaching and grasping skills in infants with Down syndrome”. Research in developmental disabilities, 31(1), 70-80.
de Campos, A. C., Rocha, N. A. C. F., & Savelsbergh, G. J. (2010). “Development of reaching and grasping skills in infants with Down syndrome”. Research in developmental disabilities, 31(1), 70-80.
Dolva, A. S., Coster, W., & Lilja, M. (2004). “Functional performance in children with Down syndrome”. American journal of occupational therapy, 58(6), 621-629.
Eftekhari. E, Nikbakht. H, Etemadifar. M, Rbiei. K. (2010). “Effect of endurance training on aerobic capacity and quality of life in women with multiple sclerosis”. Noormags. Volume 41. Page: 37-46.
Farahbod M, Dadkhah A. (2004). “The effect of Educational Play on Fine Motor Skills of Children”. Middle East Journal of Family Medicine. 6(6). 52-63
Farsi. A, Abdoli. B, Basiri. F. (2014). “Effect of 4 weeks’ visual and skill training on improving perceptual-motor abilities and learning of for hand tourniquet on the table”. Motor behavior and Sport psychology. 12: 997- 1006. (in persian)
Frank, K., & Esbensen, A. J. (2015). “Fine motor and self‐care milestones for individuals with Down syndrome using a retrospective chart review”.  Intellectual Disability Research Journal, 59(8), 719-729.
Gallahou. D, Ozmon. J. (2010). “Understanding motor development: infants, childeren, adolescents, adults”. Hemayttalab. R, MoVahedi. A, Farsi. A, Fouladiyan. J (Translate). 6th.ed. 189-200. (In Persian)
Gharebaghi. S, Hadiyan. M, Abdolvahhab. M, Dehghan. L, Raji. P, Faghihzadeh. S. (2010). “Study of simultaneous stimuli of superficial and deep sensation on motor performance of upper extremity of children with spastic diplegia aged 3-7 years”. Modern rehabilitation. 4(3). 53-57. (in persian)
Gupta, S., Rao, B. K., & Kumaran, S. D. (2011). “Effect of strength and balance training in children with Down’s syndrome: a randomized controlled trial”. Clinical rehabilitation, 25(5), 425-432.
Hardin, M. (2002). “Assessment of hand function and fine motor coordination in the geriatric population”. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, 18(2), 18-27.
Hellberg, M., Höglund, P., Svensson, P., Abdulahi, H., & Clyne, N. (2017). “Decline in measured glomerular filtration rate is associated with a decrease in endurance, strength, balance and fine motor skills”. Nephrology journal, 22(7), 513-519.
Henderson se. (1985). “motor skills development. in D lane & B stratford (EDs), current approaches to down syndrome london: holt, rinehart and Winston”. Sport science and medicine journal. 10(1), 210-216.
Horvath, S., Garagnani, P., Bacalini, M. G., Pirazzini, C., Salvioli, S., Gentilini, D., ... & Franceschi, C. (2015). “Accelerated epigenetic aging in Down syndrome”. Aging cell journal, 14(3), 491-495.
Kashi A, Sheikh M, Dadkhah A, Hemayattalab R, Arabameri E. “The Effect of “Kashi Practices” on the Improvement of Psycho-Motor Skills in People with Down Syndrome”.
Kruger, P. E., Joubert, A., Du Toit, P. J., & Lunsky, J. (2007). “Effects of exercise on the visual performance of female rugby players: sport science”. African Journal for Physical Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 13(3), 267-273.
Lee-Valkov, P. M., Aaron, D. H., Eladoumikdachi, F., Thornby, J., & Netscher, D. T. (2003). “Measuring normal hand dexterity values in normal 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children and their relationship with grip and pinch strength”.  Hand Therapy Journal, 16(1), 22-28.
Lewis, C. L., & Fragala-Pinkham, M. A. (2005). “Effects of aerobic conditioning and strength training on a child with Down syndrome: a case study”. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 17(1), 30-36.
Lin, H. C., & Wuang, Y. P. (2012). “Strength and agility training in adolescents with Down syndrome”. a randomized controlled trial. Research in developmental disabilities, 33(6), 2236-2244.
Lucarelli, J., & Davidson, E. J. (2017). “Fine Motor Skills for Children with Down Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Professionals”.  Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics Journal, 38(3), 196.
Malak, R., Kostiukow, A., Krawczyk-Wasielewska, A., Mojs, E., & Samborski, W. (2015). “Delays in motor development in children with Down syndrome”. Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research, 21(2). 18-25.
Menezes, L. D. C. D., Gomes, K. D. S. C., Massetti, T., Silva, T. D. D., Possebom, W. F., Capelini, C. M., & Monteiro, C. B. D. M. (2015). “Motor learning in mobile (cell phone) device in Down syndrome patients-pilot project”. Medical Express journal, 2(4), 114-120.
Mohammadi, Majid. Fatahi, Somayeh. Sheykh, Mahmood. Mohamadi, Behzad. (2015). “The effect of Core Stability Training on Static and Dynamic Balance in Children with Down Syndrome”. Sport Rehabilitation Journal. 3(5). 51-58.
Mohammadi. M, Hadiyan. M, Abdolvahhab. M, Aliyaei. Gh, Jalili. M, Karimi. H. (2008). “The effect of simultaneous surface and deep sensory stimuli on hand dexterity of 6-7-year-old children with Down syndrome”. Modern rehabilitation journal. 2 (2). 47-50 (in persian)
Paul, M., Biswas, S. K., & Sandhu, J. S. (2011). “Role of sports vision and eye hand coordination training in performance of table tennis players”. Brazilian Journal of Biomotricity, 5(2), 106-116.
Pitetti, K., Baynard, T., & Agiovlasitis, S. (2013). “Children and adolescents with Down syndrome, physical fitness and physical activity”.  Sport and Health Science Journal, 2(1), 47-57.
Rafiei. Sh, Taghizadeh. Gh. Edrisi. M. Ashrafi, M. (2011). “investigating the Reliability of the Purdue-Pegboard Test-Retest Test in Down Syndrome Children”. 41(1). 35-43. (in persian).
Reid, D. T. (2002). “Benefits of a virtual play rehabilitation environment for children with cerebral palsy on perceptions of self-efficacy: a pilot study”. Pediatric rehabilitation, 5(3), 141-148.
Richard E, Tmouti D. (2012). “Motor control and learning”. First ed. Science and movement pub.
Sahan, A., & Erman, K. A. (2009). “The effect of the tennis technical training on coordination characteristics”. The Open Sports Medicine Journal, 3, 59-65.
 Salman. Z, Sheykh. M, Seyf naraghi. M, Arabameri. E. Aghapour. M. (2009). “Effect of perceptual-motor exercises on improvement of motor ability of elementary students with developmental coordination disorder in Tehran”. Growth and motor learning journal. 2(2): 47-63. (in persian).
Scholz, J. P., Kang, N., Patterson, D., & Latash, M. L. (2003). “Uncontrolled manifold analysis of single trials during multi-finger force production by persons with and without Down syndrome”. Experimental Brain Research Journal, 153(1), 45-58.
Schott, N., & Holfelder, B. (2015). “Relationship between motor skill competency and executive function in children with Down's syndrome”.  Intellectual Disability Research Journal, 59(9), 860-872.
Shaterzadeh yazdi. M, Shahali. SH, Ariyan. R, Salehi. R. (2006). “The effect of mental training on eye and hand coordination in healthy girls aged 20-25 years”. 7(3). 44- 49.
Sheikh, M. Bagherzadeh, F. Yousefi, S. (2003). “The Effect of Selected Elementary Games on Motor Growth in Secondary School Students in District 5 of Tehran”. Olympic pub. 2-1 (23); 77-87. [In Persian].
Shields, N., Taylor, N. F., & Dodd, K. J. (2008). “Effects of a community-based progressive resistance training program on muscle performance and physical function in adults with Down syndrome: a randomized controlled trial”. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 89(7), 1215-1220.
Shumway-Cook, A., Woollacott, MH. (1985). “Dynamics of postural control in the child with Down’s syndrome”. Physical Therapy. 65, 1315–1332
Tiffin, J., & Asher, E. J. (1948). “The Purdue Pegboard: norms and studies of reliability and validity”.  applied psychology Journal, 32(3), 234.
Ulrich DA. (1998). “Factors contributing to motor rehabilitation in infants with down syndrome and spina bifida”. invited paper presented at the III international congress of motor rehabilitation, aguas de lindoia, brazil. 120(2). 57-66.
Uyanik, M., Bumin, G., & KAYİHAN, H. (2003). “Comparison of different therapy approaches in children with Down syndrome”. Pediatrics international Journal, 45(1), 68-73.
[1]. Du Toit