The effect of time of day and cognitive dual task on spatiotemporal parameters of walking gait of the elderly

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Master of Sports Biomechanics, Sports Biomechanics Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.

2 Associate Professor of Sports Biomechanics, Sports Biomechanics Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.

Abstract

Background and Aim: Walking is not an automatic function and cognitive tasks can affect controlling the mobility and balance of elderly people while walking. This research aims to investigate the effect of time of day on the spatial, temporal, and spatial parameters of walking with and without cognitive dual tasks in the elderly.
Materials and Methods: The current study was descriptive-analytical. 24 elderly men and women with an age range of 60-70 years participated. After controlling the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the subjects entered the study. People in two states of normal walking and walking with a dual cognitive task walked a 10-meter path at two different times of the day. Spatial, temporal and spatial parameters were recorded through motion analysis cameras and then extracted using Cortex software as a percentage of the length of the walking cycle. The statistical analysis of the data was done using the two-way ANOVA test with a significance level of 0.05.
Results: The results showed that walking with a dual task reduces the cadence and walking speed compared to normal walking. Also, the durations of step, stride, double and single support, stance, and swing in walking with dual tasks showed a significant decrease compared to normal walking (p≥0.05). Spatial, temporal, and spatial parameters walking at different times of the day and the interaction between time of day and walking mode did not show any significant difference.
Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, the time of day has no effect on the parameters of walking, while the simultaneous implementation of the dual cognitive task can cause gait disturbance and consequently increase the probability of falling in the elderly.

Keywords

References

Azadian, E., Taheri, H. R., Saberi Kakhki, A., & Farahpour, N. (2016). “Effects of dual-tasks on spatial-temporal parameters of gait in older adults with impaired balance”. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 11(1), 100-109. (In Persian)
Bayatloo, A., Salavati, M., & Akhbari, B. (2011). “The ability to selectively allocate attentional demands on walking during secondary cognitive and motor tasks in elderly people with and without a history of falls”. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 5(4), 0-0. (In Persian)
Beauchet, O., Dubost, V., Gonthier, R., & Kressig, R. W. (2005). “Dual-Task-Related Gait Changes in Transitionally frail Older Adults: the type of the walking-associated Cognitive Task Matters”. Gerontology, 51(1), 48-52.
Behdarvandi, M. (2012). Mini-Mental State Examination. Institute of Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences, Sina. (In Persian)
Bellamy, N., Buchanan, W. W., Goldsmith, C. H., Campbell, J., & Stitt, L. W. (1988). “Validation study of WOMAC: a health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee”. The Journal of Rheumatology. 1988 Dec 1; 15(12): 1833-40.
Bollinger, T., & Schibler, U. (2014). “Circadian rhythms–from genes to physiology and disease”. Swiss Medical Weekly. 2014 Jul 14; 144 (2930): w13984.
Callard, D., Davenne, D., Gauthier, A., Lagarde, D., & Van Hoecke, J. (2000). “Circadian rhythms in human muscular efficiency: continuous physical exercise versus continuous rest”. A crossover study. Chronobiology International, 17(5), 693-704.
Chen, H.-C., Schultz, A. B., Ashton-Miller, J. A., Giordani, B., Alexander, N. B., & Guire, K. E. (1996). “Stepping over obstacles: dividing attention impairs performance of old more than young adults”. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 51(3), M116-M122.
Doheny, E. P., Greene, B. R., Foran, T., Cunningham, C., Fan, C. W., & Kenny, R. A. (2012). “Diurnal variations in the outcomes of instrumented gait and quiet standing balance assessments and their association with falls history”. Physiological measurement, 33(3), 361.
Ebrahimipour, E., Sabet, F., Daneshjoo, A., & Mohammadipour, F. (2022). “Effects of 4-week Swedish Massage on Knee Joint Proprioception, Muscle Strength of Quadriceps and Osteoarthritis Symptoms in Women with Knee Osteoarthritis”. Studies in Sport Medicine. 2022 Nov 22; 14(33): 37-58. (In Persian)
Edwards, B., Waterhouse, J., & Reilly, T. (2007). “The effects of circadian rhythmicity and time‐awake on a simple motor task”. Chronobiology International, 24(6), 1109-1124.
Estevan, I., Gandia, S., Villarrasa-Sapiña, I., Bermejo, J. L., & García-Massó, X. (2018). “Working memory task influence in postural stability and cognitive function in adolescents”. Motor Control, 22(4), 425-435.
Faulkner KA, Redfern MS, Cauley JA, Landsittel DP, Studenski SA, Rosano C, Simonsick EM, Harris TB, Shorr RI, Ayonayon HN, Newman AB. “Multitasking: association between poorer performance and a history of recurrent falls”. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2007 Apr; 55(4): 570-6.
Flatters, I., Mushtaq, F., Hill, L. J., Holt, R. J., Wilkie, R. M., & Mon-Williams, M. (2014). “The relationship between a child’s postural stability and manual dexterity”. Experimental Brain Research, 232(9), 2907-2917.
Guo Y, Liu Y, Huang X, Rong Y, He M, Wang Y, Yuan J, Wu T, Chen W. “The effects of shift work on sleeping quality, hypertension, and diabetes in retired workers”. PloS one. 2013 Aug 16; 8(8): e71107.
Halpern, A. I., Jansen, J. A., Giladi, N., Mirelman, A., & Hausdorff, J. M. (2022). “Does Time of Day influence postural control and gait? A review of the literature”. Gait & posture, 92, 153-166.
Hausdorff, J. M., Schweiger, A., Herman, T., Yogev-Seligmann, G., & Giladi, N. (2008). “Dual-task decrements in gait: contributing factors among healthy older adults”. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 63(12), 1335-1343.
Hausdorff, J. M., Yogev, G., Springer, S., Simon, E. S., & Giladi, N. (2005). “Walking is more like catching than tapping: gait in the elderly as a complex cognitive task”. Experimental Brain Research, 164(4), 541-548.
Hill AM, Hoffmann T, Hill K, Oliver D, Beer C, McPhail S, Brauer S, Haines TP. “Measuring fall events in acute hospitals—a comparison of three reporting methods to identify missing data in the hospital reporting system”. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2010 Jul; 58(7): 1347-52.
Hood, S., & Amir, S. (2017). “The aging clock: circadian rhythms and later life”. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 127(2), 437-446.
Hreljac, A., & Marshall, R. N. (2000). “Algorithms to determine event timing during normal walking using kinematic data”. Journal of Biomechanics, 33(6), 783-786.
Ivanov, P. C., Hu, K., Hilton, M. F., Shea, S. A., & Stanley, H. E. (2007). “Endogenous circadian rhythm in human motor activity uncoupled from circadian influences on cardiac dynamics”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(52), 20702-20707.
Jorgensen, M., Rathleff, M. S., Laessoe, U., Caserotti, P., Nielsen, O. B. F., & Aagaard, P. (2012). “Time of day influences postural balance in older adults”. Gait & posture, 35(4), 653-657.
Khachiyants, N., Trinkle, D., Son, S., & Kim, K. “Sundown syndrome in persons with dementia: an update”. Psychiatry Investig. 2011 Dec; 8 (4): 275–87.
Kuriyama K, Uchiyama M, Suzuki H, Tagaya H, Ozaki A, Aritake S, Kamei Y, Nishikawa T, Takahashi K. “Circadian fluctuation of time perception in healthy human subjects”. Neuroscience research. 2003 May 1; 46(1): 23-31.
Kwon, Y. H., Choi, Y. W., Nam, S. H., & Lee, M. H. (2014). “The influence of time of day on static and dynamic postural control in normal adults”. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 26(3), 409-412.
Lieberman, H. R., Wurtman, J. J., & Teicher, M. H. (1989). “Circadian rhythms of activity in healthy young and elderly humans”. Neurobiology of aging, 10(3), 259-265.
Maki, B. E. (1997). “Gait changes in older adults: predictors of falls or indicators of fear?” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 45(3), 313-320.
Menant, J. C., Schoene, D., Sarofim, M., & Lord, S. R. (2014). “Single and dual-task tests of gait speed are equivalent in the prediction of falls in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. Aging research reviews, 16, 83-104.
Montero-Odasso, M., Muir, S. W., & Speechley, M. (2012). “Dual-task complexity affects gait in people with mild cognitive impairment: the interplay between gait variability, dual tasking, and risk of falls”. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 93(2), 293-299.
Nicolas, A., Gauthier, A., Michaut, A., & Davenne, D. (2007). “Effect of circadian rhythm of neuromuscular properties on muscle fatigue during concentric and eccentric isokinetic actions”. Isokinetics and exercise science, 15(2), 117-129.
Oh-Park, M., Holtzer, R., Mahoney, J., Wang, C., Raghavan, P., & Verghese, J. (2013). “Motor dual-task effect on gait and task of upper limbs in older adults under specific task prioritization: a pilot study”. Aging clinical and experimental research, 25(1), 99-106.
Paillard, T., Noé, F., Bru, N., Couderc, M., & Debove, L. (2016). “The impact of time of day on the gait and balance control of Alzheimer’s patients”. Chronobiology International, 33(2), 161-168.
Rasmussen LJ, Caspi A, Ambler A, Broadbent JM, Cohen HJ, d’Arbeloff T, Elliott M, Hancox RJ, Harrington H, Hogan S, Houts R. “Association of neurocognitive and physical function with gait speed in midlife”. JAMA network open. 2019 Oct 2; 2(10): e1913123.
Reddy, S., Reddy, V., & Sharma, S. (2018). Physiology, circadian rhythm.
Sabet, F., Ebrahimipour, E., Mohammadipour, F., Daneshjoo, A., & Jafarnezhadgero, A. (2021). “Effects of Swedish massage on gait spatiotemporal parameters in adult women with medial knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial”. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 28, 521-526.
Sadeghi H, Norouzi H R. (2010). “Spatio-Temporal Parameters' Changes in Gait of Male Elderly Subjects”. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing; 4 (2).
Shapiro, D. C., Zernicke, R. F., Gregor, R. J., & Diestel, J. D. (1981). “Evidence for generalized motor programs using gait pattern analysis”. Journal of Motor Behavior, 13(1), 33-47.
Silsupadol, P., Shumway-Cook, A., Lugade, V., van Donkelaar, P., Chou, L.-S., Mayr, U., & Woollacott, M. H. (2009). “Effects of single-task versus dual-task training on balance performance in older adults: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial”. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 90(3), 381-387.
Silsupadol, P., Siu, K.-C., Shumway-Cook, A., & Woollacott, M. H. (2006). “Training of balance under single-and dual-task conditions in older adults with balance impairment”. Physical therapy, 86(2), 269-281.
Skene, D. J., & Arendt, J. (2006). “Human circadian rhythms: physiological and therapeutic relevance of light and melatonin”. Annals of clinical biochemistry, 43(5), 344-353.
Springer, S., Giladi, N., Peretz, C., Yogev, G., Simon, E. S., & Hausdorff, J. M. (2006). “Dual‐tasking effects on gait variability: The role of aging, falls, and executive function”. Movement disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 21(7), 950-957.
Taylor, M. E., Delbaere, K., Mikolaizak, A. S., Lord, S. R., & Close, J. C. (2013). “Gait parameter risk factors for falls under simple and dual-task conditions in cognitively impaired older people”. Gait & posture, 37(1), 126-130.
Van Dongen, H. P., & Dinges, D. F. (2005). Sleep, circadian rhythms, and psychomotor vigilance. Clinics in sports medicine, 24(2), 237-249.
van Sint Jan S. (2007). Color atlas of skeletal landmark definitions E-book: guidelines for reproducible manual and virtual palpations. Elsevier Health Sciences; Apr 18.
Verhaeghen, P., & Cerella, J. (2002). “Aging, executive control, and attention: A review of meta-analyses”. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 26(7), 849-857.
Welford AT. (1967). “Single-channel operation in the brain”. Acta Psychologica. Jan 1; 27:5-22.
Wennberg, A. M., Savica, R., & Mielke, M. M. (2017). “Association between various brain pathologies and gait disturbance”. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders, 43(3-4), 128-143.
Whittle MW. (2014). Gait analysis: an introduction. Butterworth-Heinemann; May 12.
Wickens, C. D. (2002). “Multiple resources and performance prediction”. Theoretical issues in ergonomics science, 3(2), 159-177.
Winter, D. A. (1991). Biomechanics and motor control of human gait: normal, elderly and pathological.
Wollesen, B., & Voelcker-Rehage, C. (2014).“Training effects on motor–cognitive dual-task performance in older adults”. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 11(1), 5-24.
Wollesen, B., Voelcker-Rehage, C., Willer, J., Zech, A., & Mattes, K. (2015). “Feasibility study of dual-task-managing training to improve gait performance of older adults”. Aging clinical and experimental research, 27(4), 447-455.
Woollacott, M., & Shumway-Cook, A. (2002). “Attention and the control of posture and gait: a review of an emerging area of research”. Gait & posture, 16(1), 1-14.
Journal for Research in Sport Rehabilitation
Volume 11, Issue 21 - Serial Number 21
September 2023
Pages 81-93

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics