Comparison of Ground Reaction Force, Changes of Center of Mass to Center of Pressure, Time to Stabilization and Shear Force in pair legs landing between Elite Women & Men Alpine Skiers

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

professor of kharazmi and azad univercity

Abstract

Background and aim: Due to roles of kinetic analysis on sport skill performance the main purpose of the present study was to compare ground reaction force, changes of center of mass to center of pressure, time to stabilization in pair legs landing between elite women & men Alpine skiers. Jumping, falling, shearing stress and maintaining balance are the main skills of Alpine Ski. Materials and methods: In this semi- experimental study, 16 alpine skier consisting of 8 women and 8 men, women (weight 55.78± 5.91 kg, height 161± 5.08 cm, age 34± 4), men (weight 81.85± 5.8 kg, height 177± 3.97 cm, age 36± 4) participated. After completing pair legs landing test from a height of 40 cm on the force plate, the biomechanical variables listed were compared by one-way covariance test at a significant level of p≤0.05. Results: there is no significant difference between the GRF, TTS and only the anterior-posterior components of the COM to COP changes have a significant difference between two groups. 3% were more in women than men. Conclusion: It seems that women undergo more oscillations during landing to achieve stability which increases the risk of knee injuries, especially ACL. Further studies on landing patterns are needed to find the cause of oscillations.
Keywords: alpine skiers, pairlegs landing, ground reaction force, mass center pressure changes, time to stabilization.

Keywords

References

Abbasi, A. Sadeghi, H. KHaleghi Tagezi, M. Hosseinimehr, S.H. (2010). “Differences in vertical ground reaction forces attenuation during stop-jump task”, Olympic Journal. 17(4): 83-91. (In Persian)
Blackburn, J.T (2009). "Sagittal plane trunk position, landing forces and quadriceps electromyography activity". Journal of Athletic Training, 44(2): 174-179.
Boden, B.P., Dean, G.S., Feagin, J.A., Garrett, W.E. Jr (2000). "Mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury". Orthopedics. 23: 573- 578.
Chandrashekar N.J., Mansour, M., Slauterbeck, J., Hashemi, J. (2006). "Sex-based differences in the tensile properties of the human anterior cruciate ligament". Journal Biomechanics. 39(16): 2943-50.
Chappell, J.D., Yu, B., Kirkendall, D.T., Garrett, W.T. (2002). "A comparison of knee kinematics between male and female recreational athletes in stop-jump tasks". American Journal Sports Medicine. 30 (2): 261-267.
Charlton, W.P.H., St John, T.A., Ciccotti, M.G (2002)." Differences in femoral notch anatomy between men and women: a magnetic resonance imaging study". American Journal Sports Medicine, 30(3): 329-33.
Dorneles, P.P., Pranke, G.I., Mota, C.B (2013). "Comparison of postural balance between female and male adolescents". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Educação Física, 2(3): 210-214
Engebresten, L., Steffen, k., Alonso, J.M., Dvoak, K.J., Junge, A (2010). "Sports injuries and illnesses during the winter Olympic games". British journal of sports medicine, 44(11): 772-780.
Ford, K.R., Myer, G.D., Hewett, T.E (2003). "Valgus knee motion during landing in high school female and male basketball players". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 35(10): 1745-1750.
Gribble, P.A., Robinson, R.H., Hertal, J., Denegar, C.R (2009). "The effects of gender and fatigue on dynamic postural control". Journal sport rehabil. 18: 240-257.
Griffin, L.Y., Agel, J., Albohm, M.J., Arendt, E.A., Dick, R.W. (2000). "Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: risk factor and prevention strategies", Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedics Surgeons, 8: 141-150.
Hewett, T.E., Ford, K.R., Hoogenboom, B.J., Myer, G.D. (2010). "Understanding and prevention ACL injuries: current biomechanical and epidemiological consideration". North American Journal of Sport Physical Therapy 5(4): 234-51.
Hewett, T.E., Ford, K.R., Myer, G.D. (2006). "Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: Part 2, a meta-analysis of neuromuscular interventions aimed at injury prevention". American Journal Sports Medicine, 34(3): 490-8.
 Hewett, T.E., Zazulak, B.T., Myer, G.D., Ford,K.R. (2005). "Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 33(4): 492-501.
Hoffer, H.L., Harrison, K.D., Mccrory, J.L. (2018). "Dynamic stability in gymnast's non-balance athletes and active controls". International journal of exercise science. 11(1): 1-12.
Ireland, M.L (2002). "The female ACL: why is it more prone to injury?". Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 33(4): 637–651.
Kernozek, T.W., Torry, M.R., Vanhoof, H., Cowley, H., Tanner, S (2005). "Gender differences in frontal and sagittal plane biomechanics during drop landing". Medicine and science exercise, 37(6): 1003-12.
Ledept, A., Brenier, Y (1994). "Dynamical implication of anatomical and mechanical parameters in gait initiation process in children". Human Movement Science, 13: 801- 815.
Lephart, S.M (2002). "Gender differences in strength and lower extremity kinematics during landing". Clinical Orthopaedics Related Research, 401: 162.
Liu, SH., Al-Shaikh, R., Panossian, V., Yang, R.S (1996). "Primary immune localization of estrogen and progesterone target cells in the human anterior cruciate ligament". Journal Orthopaedic Research, 14(4): 526-33.
Melam, G.R., Buragadda, S., Alhusaini, A., Ibrahim, A., Kachanatha, SH (2014). "Gender differences in static and dynamic postural stability parameters in community dwelling healthy older adults". Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 22 (9): 1259-1264.
Mote, C.D., Robert, J.R., Johnson, J. Hauser, W., Schaff, P.S. (1996). "Skiing trauma and safety".  10: 45-55.
Myer, G.D., Ford, K.R., Hewett, T.E. (2004). "Rationale and clinical techniques for anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention among female athletes", Journal of Athletic Training. 39(4): 352-364.
Nakamura, B., Orlaff, H., Warner, M (2012). "Gender differences in ground reaction forces during running and agility type motion". 30th Annual Conference of Biomechanics Sports. Melbourn-Australia University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA, USA, 65-68.
Niu, W., Feng, T., Jiang, C.H., Zhang, M (2015). "Peak vertical ground reaction forces during two-leg landing". Biomechanical Medicine Research International. Published online.
Palmer, I. (1938). "On the injuries to the ligament of the knee joints". Acta Chir Scand.81: 1-282.
Pappas, E., Kremenic, I., Liederbach, M., Orishimo, K.F., Hagins, M (2011). "Time to stability differences between male and female dancers after landing from a jump on flat and inclined floors". Clinical Journal Medicine. 21(4): 325-329.
Pujol, N., Blenchi, M.P., Chambat, P (2007). "The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries among competitive alpine skier: a 25 years' investigation". The American journal of sports medicine. 35(7): 1070- 1074.
Raschner, C.H., Hildbrandt, C., Mohr, J., Muller, L. (2017). "Sex differences in balance among alpine ski racer". Department of Sport Science, 27255 University of Innsbruck Innsbruck, Austria. 124(6): 1134-1150.
Rougier, P., Burdet, C., Farenc, I., Berger, L. (2001)."Backward and foreward leaning postures modelled by an fbm framework". Neuroscience Research, 41: 41-50.
Salci, Y., Kental, B.B., Heycan, C., Akin, S., Korkusuz, F. (2004). "Comparison of landing maneuvers between male and female college volleyball players". Clinical Biomechanics. 19 (6): 622-628.
Shambaugh, J.P., Klein, A., Herbert, J.H. (1991). "Structural measures as predictors of injury in basketball players". Medicine Science Sports Exercise, 23(5): 522-7.
Shelbourne, K.D., Gray, T., Benner, R.W (2007). "Intercondylar notch width measurement differences between African American and White men and women with intact anterior cruciate ligament knees". American Journal Sports Medicine, 35(8): 1304-7.
Soligard, T., Steffen, K., Palmer. Green, D., Aubry, M., Grant, M.E., Meeuwisse, W (2015). "Sports injuries and illnesses in the Sochi 2014 Olympic winter games". British journal of sports medicine. 49(7): 441-447.
Stevenson, H., Webster, J., Johnson, R., Beynon, B. (1998). "Gender differences in knee injury epidemiology among competitive alpine ski racers". The orthopedic journal. 18: 64- 66.
Zazulak, B.T., Hewett, T.E., Reeves, N.P., Goldberg, B., Cholewicki, J (2007)." The effects of core proprioception on knee injury", The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 35 (3): 368-73.
Zazulak, B.T., Ponce, P., Straub, S.J., Medvecky, M.J., Hewett, T.E (2005). "Gender comparison of hip muscle activity during single-leg landing". Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 35(5): 292-9.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics