Andresen M. L., Langhoff, L., Jensen, T. S., & Albert, H. B. (2007). “Resonance imaging obtained with straightened lower extremities”, Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics, 30(1), 26-30.
Arshadi R., Alizadeh MH., Vakili J. (2010). “Correlation between back extensor strength and spine flexibility with degree of kyphosis and lordosis”, Olympic, 46(2):127-36. (In Persian)
Bloomfield J., Auckland, T., Priority BC (2003). “Biomechanics and Applied Anatomy in Exercise”. Translated by Arsham Saeed, Danesh Publications Borhan.
Daneshmandi H., Alizadeh M., Moghadasi M (2006). “Study of normal alignment and its relationship with some of effective factors in professional athletes”, Olympic quarterly. 14(1): 41-50. (In Persian)
Edwin Gó mez., Eddie Hill., Amy Ackerman (2007). “an exploration of self-efficacy as a motivation for rock climbing and its impact on frequency of climbs. Proceedings of the 2007 Northeastern Recreation Research Symposium.
Ernst MJ., Rast FM, Bauer CM., Marcar VL., Kool J (2013). “Determination of thoracic and lumbar spinal processes by their percentage position between C7 and the PSIS level”. BMC Res Notes 6: 58.
Ghorbani, L., Daneshjoo, A., & Nazarian, A. (2008). “Assessment of the prevalence of kyphosis disorders in students”. J Rehabil Sci, 4(2), 145-152. (In Persian)
Goldstein JD., Berger PE., Windler GE., Jackson DW (1991). “Spine injuries in gymnasts and swimmers an epidemiologic investigation”. The American journal of sports medicine. 19 (5): 463-8.
Grabara M., Hadzik A (2009). “Postural variables in girls practicing volleyball”. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 1: 67- 71.
Grabara, M. (2012). Body posture of young female basketball players. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 4, 76-81.
Grabara, M (2015). Comparison of posture among adolescent male volleyball players and non-athletes. Biology of Sport, 32(1), 79.
Hajihosseini, E., Norasteh, A., Shamsi, A., & Daneshmandi, H. (2014). “The Effects of Strengthening, Stretching and Comprehensive Exercises on Forward Shoulder Posture Correction”. Physical Treatments-Specific Physical Therapy Journal, 4(3), 123-132. (In Persian)
Hochholzer T, Schöffl V. (2006). One move too many, 2nd ed. Ebenhausen: Lochner Verlag.
I. R. Iran Mountaineering & Sport Climbing Federation [Internet]. [cited 2019 Aug 21]. Available from:
https://msfi.ir/ (In Persian)
June Quek, Sandra G. Brauer, Julia Treleaven and Ross A. Clark. (2017). “The concurrent validity and intrarater reliability of the Microsoft Kinect to measure thoracic kyphosis”. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 40 (3): 279-284.
Kargarfard RM-N., Ghasemi Gholam-Ali., Rouzbehani Reza., Ghias Majied., Mahdavi-Jafari Zahra., Dahghani Mehdi (2010) “Assessment of Spinal Curvature in Isfahan University Students. Journal of Isfahan Medical School”. 27(102):762-76. (In Persian)
Kim, Y. J., Bridwell, K. H., Lenke, L. G., Cheh, G., & Baldus, C. (2007). “Results of lumbar pedicle subtraction osteotomies for fixed sagittal imbalance: a minimum 5-year follow-up study. Spine”. 32(20): 2189-2197.
Lichota, M., Plandowska, M., & Mil, P. (2011). “The shape of anterior-posterior curvatures of the spine in athletes practising selected sports”. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 18(2): 112-116.
Ludewig, P., & Cook, T. (2000). “The Role of Physical Fitness in Sport” Olympic Quarterly Nos: 3 and 4, National Olympic Committee Publications Alterations in shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activity in people with symptoms of shoulder impingement. Physical therapy, 80(3): 276-291.
Lynch, S., Thigpen, C., Mihalik, J., Prentice, W., & Padua, D. (2010). “The effects of an exercise intervention on forward head and rounded shoulder postures in elite swimmers”. Ergonomics. 40: 631-641. British journal of sports medicine, 44(5), 376-381.
Mahdi Asadi Ghalehney, Ali Asghare Norasteh, Hassan Daneshmandi, Saeid Bahiraei. (2016). “The comparison of head, shoulder, and spine in veteran soccer and volleyball players and non-athletes”. J Rehab Med. 5(2): 173-183. (In Persian)
Mahmoudi F., Rahnama N., Bagherian S (2011). “Profile of Physical abnormalies in Table Tennis athlete. Proceedings of the 6th National Conference on Physical Education Students; 2011 Dec 24-26; Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
Mc gaugh J., Brismee J., Dedrick G., Jones E., Sizer P (2007). “Comparing the anatomical consistency of the posterior superior iliac spine to the iliac crest as reference landmarks for the lumbopelvic spine: a retrospective radiological study”. Clin Anaty 20: 819-825.
Mentiplay BF., Clark RA., Mullins A., Bryant AL., Bartold S., Paterson K (2013). “Reliability and validity of the Microsoft Kinect for evaluating static foot posture”. J Foot Ankle Res 6: 14.
Micheli, L., Stein, C., O'Brien, M., & d'Hemecourt, P. (2014). “Spinal Injuries and Conditions in Young Athletes”: Springer, 88-152
Minoonejad mgrraah (2012). “The Comparison of Thoracic Kyphosis and Position of Scapula between National Freestyle and Greco - Roman Wrestlers and Non – Athletes”, Journal of sport medicine; 3(1): 91-107.
Morteza Sadeghi GAG, Fariba Iraj. (2012). “Comparing selected spinal column postural abnormalities of professional and amateur Wushu athletes with those of non-athlete. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences (JRRS). 8(3):583-90. (In Persian)
Muyor, J., López-Miñarro, P., & Alacid, F. (2013). “Comparison of sagittal lumbar curvature between elite cyclists and non-athletes. Science & Sports, 28(6), e167-e173.
Nader Rahnama EB, Bagherian Sajjad, Nezhadroomazi Soheila (2012). “Comparison of Spinal Column Curvatures in Triathlon Athletes and Non-Athlete”, Journal Isfahan Medical Sciences. 30(196): 123-36. (In Persian)
Neumann, D. (2010). “Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system: foundations for rehabilitation”, St Louis, MO: Mosby: Elsevier, 109- 131.
Nguyen Anh-Dung., Sandra j Shultz (2009). “Identifying relationships among lower extremity alignment characteristics”. Journal of athletic training. 44(5): 511-518.
Pallant, J (2010). SPSS survival manual, 4th. England: McGraw-Hill Education.
Penha Patri Jundi., Marina Baldini, and Si. `lvia Maria Amado João. (2009). “Spinal Postural Alignment Variance According To Sex and Age in 7 And 8 Year-Old Children”, Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. Vol 32, N 2.
R. Förster, G. Penka, T. Bösl, V. R. Schöffl. (2009). “Climber’s Back – Form and Mobility of the Thoraco lumbar Spine Leading to Postural Adaptations in Male High Ability Rock Climbers”, Orthopedics & Biomechanics. Int J Sports Med 2009; 30: 53–59.
Rahmaninia, F., Shamsi Majelan, A., & Niaraki Asli, R. (2009). “The relationship between male weight categories of students with spinal abnormalities Research in Sport Science, 6: 31-48. (In Persian)
Rahnama, N., Bambaeichi, E., Taghian, F., Nazarian, A., & Abdollahi, M. (2010). Effect of 8 Weeks Regular Corrective Exercise on Spinal Columns Deformities in Girl Students, Journal of Isfahan Medical School. , 27(101): 676-686. (In Persian)
Rain, S., Twomey, L (1994). Posture of the head, shoulder and thoracic spine in comfortable erect standing. Australian physiotherapy. 4(1): 25-32
Rajabi R., Doherty P., Goodarzi M., Hemayattalab R (2008). “Comparison of thoracic kyphosis in two groups of elite Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestlers and a group of non-athletic participants”, British journal of sports medicine, 42(3): 229-32. (In Persian)
Rajabi, R., & Latifi, S. (2010). The Norm of thoracic curves (kyphosis) and lumbar curve (lordosis) in men and women”. Research in sports science, 28(7): 13-30.
Rezaee R., Anbarian M., Sheikh A., Aghamiri H (2014). “Effects of local fatigue on myoelectrical activity of erector spine muscles and the center for pressure displacement of the feet during balance recovery following postural perturbation in kyphotic subjects”, Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 18(3). (In Persian)
Rostami Haji-Abadi M, Rahnama N. (2010). “The profile of body abnormalities among bodybuilders”. Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 6(1). (In Persian)
Sahrmann, S (2010). Movement system impairment syndromes of the extremities, cervical and thoracic spines: Elsevier Health Sciences”, 78-129.
Schlageter M (2004). Funktionelle Störungen des Bewegungsapparates bei Kletterern. In: Schöffl V, Hochholzer T, eds. Sportklettern – Aktuelle sportmedizinisches Aspekte. Ebenhausen: Lochner Verlag, 168–181.
Silva AG., Johnson MI (2013). “Does forward head posture affect postural control in human healthy volunteers? Gait & posture. 38(2): 352-3.
Thigpen, C. A., Padua, D. A., Michener, L. A., Guskiewicz, K., Giuliani, C., Keener, J. D., & Stergiou, N (2011). “Head and shoulder posture affect scapular mechanics and muscle activity in overhead tasks”, Journal of Electromyography and kinesiology, 20(4): 701-709.
Timothy R., Elliott B., & Bloomfield, J (2009). “Applied anatomy and biomechanics in sport, Human Kinetics, 89-108.
Vařeková R, Vařeka I, Janura M, Svoboda Z, Elfmark M. (2011). “Evaluation of postural asymmetry and gross joint mobility in elite female volleyball athletes”, Journal of human kinetics. 29:5-13.
Watson A. (1999) “Ankle sprains in players of the field-games Gaelic football and hurling”, The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness. 39(1): 66-70.
Wojtys EM., Ashton-Miller JA., Huston LJ., Moga PJ (2000). “The association between athletic training time and the sagittal curvature of the immature spine”, The American journal of sports medicine, 28(4): 490-8.
)